Hank Houston here. Thanks for dropping in.

Last MOnday, December 2, There was a Google News feed about a Texas publication, Houston Chronicle piece by Hadlan Meckelburg. It was about about a Snopes Fact check and reported also as in “Politifact Texas.” What it was about was the “apparent” controversy over the U.S. government official recognition of Confederate Soldiers as “American Soldiers.” Of course that notion was being questioned as “myth” perpetrated by Confederate sympaticos and other southerners. The article did site a 1929 and a later date. I, Hank, tried to reply but failed. Look, the first official recognition came in 1903 when the then US Secretary of War Department went to a past union POW site in Indianapolis, Indiana. The problem was that Confederate graves there were in the way of a railroad right-of-way being constructed. Those graves were moved twice into a common mound. The Secretary of War found that they, the US government, had the names of those dead prisoners but the individual remains had been mixed in the moves. He made a national order then that “all Confederate soldiers were American soldiers, and that any known site of a Confederate grave receives a government provided headstone, if there was no existing marker.” The War Department became the Veterans Administration, and the ruling stands to this day. Those markers all originally were Marble upright stones, similar to the Union soldier’s marker. Now, they also provide the flat stone or flat brass marker, as many cemeteries have rules on their marker dimensions. Below is a more detailed list of rulings.
Federal Laws Pertaining to Confederate Veterans
Confederate Veterans are American Veterans…. By Law
The United States Government Honors Confederate Veterans and the Confederacy.
For those who believe that the Confederate States of America and the men and women who pledged allegiance to that constitutionally established government and spilled their blood and treasure in its defense are somehow illegitimate and not worthy of honor and protection by the American government, below are those laws and proclamations honoring them and their service and which proclaim that they were equal in honor and worthiness to those who served the Federal cause. Such official proclamations by the Government of the United States removes all claims against the Confederacy and those who served it and protects, defends and honors their symbols, monuments and heroes. In other words, the current assault upon all things Confederate is contrary to the laws of the United States of America and must be resisted vigorously.
Congressional Act of 9 March 1906 ~ We Honor Our Fallen Ancestors
(P.L. 38, 59th Congress, Chap. 631-34 Stat. 56)
This act authorized the furnishing of headstones for the graves of Confederates who died, primarily in Union prison camps and were buried in Federal cemeteries. Remarks: This act formally reaffirmed Confederate soldiers as military combatants with legal standing. It granted recognition to deceased Confederate soldiers commensurate with the status of deceased Union soldiers.
U.S. Public Law 810, Approved by 17th Congress 26 February 1929
(45 Stat 1307 – Currently on the books as 38 U.S. Code, Sec. 2306)
This law, passed by the U.S. Congress, authorized the “Secretary of War to erect headstones over the graves of soldiers who served in the Confederate Army and to direct him to preserve in the records of the War Department the names and places of burial of all soldiers for whom such headstones shall have been erected.”
Remarks: This act broadened the scope of recognition further for all Confederate soldiers to receive burial benefits equivalent to Union soldiers. It authorized the use of U.S. government (public) funds to mark Confederate graves and record their locations.
U.S. Public Law 85-425: Sec. 410 Approved 23 May 1958
Confederate Iron Cross (US Statutes at Large Volume 72, Part 1, Page 133-134)
The Administrator shall pay to each person who served in the military or naval forces of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War a monthly pension in the same amounts and subject to the same conditions as would have been applicable to such person under the laws in effect on December 31, 1957, if his service in such forces had been service in the military or naval forces of the United States.
Remarks: While this was only a gesture since the last Confederate veteran died in 1958, it is meaningful in that only fifty-seven years ago, the Congress of the United States saw fit to consider Confederate soldiers as equivalent to U.S. soldiers for service benefits. This final act of reconciliation was made almost one hundred years after the beginning of the war and was meant as symbolism more than substantive reward.
Additional Note of Critical History: Under current U.S. Federal Code, Confederate Veterans are equivalent to Union Veterans.
This reconciliation period[*] led up to the Congressional Act of 9 March 1906, U.S. Public Law 810 Approved by 17th Congress 26 February 1929, and the final crown of reconciliation with U.S. Public Law 85-425: Sec. 410 Approved 23 May 1958. [*known as The Grand Bargain~ Editor]
By the President of the United States of America ~
A Proclamation
The years 1961 to 1965 will mark the one-hundredth anniversary of the American Civil War.
That war was America’s most tragic experience. But like most truly great tragedies, it carries with it an enduring lesson and a profound inspiration. It was a demonstration of heroism and sacrifice by men and women of both sides who valued principle above life itself and whose devotion to duty is a part of our Nation’s noblest tradition.
Both sections of our now magnificently reunited country sent into their armies men who became soldiers as good as any who ever fought under any flag. Military history records nothing finer than the courage and spirit displayed at such battles as Chickamauga, Antietam, Kennesaw Mountain, and Gettysburg. That America could produce men so valiant and so enduring is a matter for deep and abiding pride.
The same spirit on the part of the people at home supported and strengthened those soldiers through four years of great trial. That a Nation which contained hardly more than thirty million people, North and South together, could sustain six hundred thousand deaths without faltering is a lasting testimonial to something unconquerable in the American spirit. And that a transcending sense of unity and larger common purpose could, in the end, cause the men and women who had suffered so greatly to close ranks once the contest ended and to go on together to build a greater, freer, and happier America must be a source of inspiration as long as our country may last.
By a joint resolution approved on September 7, 1957 (71 Stat. 626), the Congress established the Civil War Centennial Commission to prepare plans and programs for the nationwide observances of the one-hundredth anniversary of the Civil War, and requested the President to issue proclamations inviting the people of the United States to participate in those observances.
Now, Therefore, I, Dwight D. Eisenhower, President of the United States of America, do hereby invite all of the people of our country to take a direct and active part in the Centennial of the Civil War.
I request all units and agencies of government–Federal, State, and local–and their officials to encourage, foster, and participate in Centennial observances. And I especially urge our Nation’s schools and colleges, its libraries and museums, its churches and religious bodies, its civic, service, and patriotic organizations, its learned and professional societies, its arts, sciences, and industries, and its informational media, to plan and carry out their own appropriate Centennial observances during the years 1961 to 1965; all to the end of enriching our knowledge and appreciation of this momentous chapter in our Nation’s history and of making this memorable period truly a Centennial for all Americans.
In Witness Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Seal of the United States of America to be affixed.
DONE at the City of Washington this sixth day of December in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and sixty, and of the Independence of the United States of America the one hundred and eighty-fifth.
DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
By the President:
CHRISTIAN A. HERTER, Secretary of State

Posted by Hank Houston, Confederate reenactor

Lingering Ideas
Just thinking out loud …. Painting ideas are never ending. Many things that have been done were because of gift ideas or suggestions from loved ones for one reason or another. The one series of the past, and still on going, are the paintings done at Pismo Beach which began around 1995. Prior to that were the ones done in the 1980s animals series. Those actually sold. Plus, there were two seascapes in mid 1980s which sold.
This sketch is an idea of past and lingering theme that I feel hot about. It was a hot time in 1960 summer. One watercolor of Dad was done. Another of the grain elevator at Daulton was done. Then the Oil based enamel of the “Cat skinner and Harvester” of the recent Facebook post. So one new sketch below ….. is a new beginning.

Tim

Timothy J. Desmond
Black Opal Books Author Page at: http://www.blackopalbooks.com/author-bios/bio-tim-desmond
Amazon author page at: http://www.amazon.com/-/e/B00694KQQO
Blog at: http://www.timdesmondblog.wordpress.com

Writing at: http://www.timothydesmond.wordpress.com
Art at: http://www.artbydesmond.wordpress.com

As I told a lady film maker once, “We have no concept of what people in that time felt about their states and history of their colony being a free state for only sixty years.” So, yes. Defending one’s state was no different than fighting for freedom against the British in the revolution. The seceded states of 1860 believed they had sovereignty from the British Crown and that that “state” sovereignty was not given up by signing the US Constitution. They were defending their country. They had every right to secede. The reasons did not matter and do not matter.

It has been said by several historians and academics, that secession was about preserving slavery and the war was caused by the tariffs. If we accept that premise, let’s examine the secession history.

In the Secesh 2 blog were the US Census records with the northern states slaves. So. understood of that are also the US Census stats for southern states. There were slaves in southern states as expected. All of those states, because of the US Constitution, felt that they had every right to secede, no matter what the reasons. As such, accepting that fact, that the abolition of slavery was a fear as the Republican Party won the election of 1860, what were any other reasons? Let’s go in the secession order.

..
Secession sequence:

[from Donald Vaughn book Everything Civil War Book, Adams Media Corporation, Holbrook Massachusetts, 2000], Dates and votes from The Civil War Almanac, Editor John S. Bowman, World Publications 1983 and Barnes & Noble 2005}.

December 20, 1860 – South Carolina – vote? Appears Unanimous
January 9, 1861 – Mississippi – vote 84 -15
January 10, 1861 – Florida – vote 62 – 7
January 11, 1861 – Alabama – vote 61 – 39
January 19, 1861 – Georgia – vote 208 – 89
January 26, 1861 – Louisiana – vote 114 – 17
February 23, 1861 – Texas – vote – Public referendum to secede
April 17, 1961 – Virginia – vote 88 – 55 Public vote 23 May 97,000 – 32,000 in favor of secession
May 6, 1861 – Arkansas – vote 69 – 1
May 6, 1861 – Tennessee – vote 66 – 25 – June 8 public vote 104,913 – 47,238 in favor
May 20, 1861 – North Carolina – vote [count ? exact count not found yet by me]

X X X X X

December 20, 1860 – South Carolina – vote? Appears Unanimous
To be sure, the fear of abolition of slavery was at the heart of their cause.
It is interesting to read the entire document. But three items I copied below. [All of the sources are cited at the end of the blog].
DECLARATION OF THE IMMEDIATE CAUSES WHICH INDUCE AND JUSTIFY THE SECESSION OF SOUTH CAROLINA FROM THE FEDERAL UNION.
The people of the State of South Carolina, in Convention assembled, on the 26th day of April, A.D., 1852, declared that the frequent violations of the Constitution of the United States, by the Federal Government, and its encroachments upon the reserved rights of the States, fully justified this State in then withdrawing from the Federal Union; but in deference to the opinions and wishes of the other slaveholding States, she forbore at that time to exercise this right. Since that time, these encroachments have continued to increase, and further forbearance ceases to be a virtue.

And now the State of South Carolina having resumed her separate and equal place among nations, deems it due to herself, to the remaining United States of America, and to the nations of the world, that she should declare the immediate causes which have led to this act.
“ARTICLE 1. — His Britannic Majesty acknowledges the said United States, viz: New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, to be FREE, SOVEREIGN AND INDEPENDENT STATES; that he treats with them as such; and for himself, his heirs and successors, relinquishes all claims to the government, propriety and territorial rights of the same and every part thereof.”

Thus were established the two great principles asserted by the Colonies, namely: the right of a State to govern itself; and the right of a people to abolish a Government when it becomes destructive of the ends for which it was instituted. And concurrent with the establishment of these principles, was the fact, that each Colony became and was recognized by the mother Country as a FREE, SOVEREIGN AND INDEPENDENT STATE.

For twenty-five years this agitation has been steadily increasing, until it has now secured to its aid the power of the common Government. Observing the forms of the Constitution, a sectional party has found within that Article establishing the Executive Department, the means of subverting the Constitution itself. A geographical line has been drawn across the Union, and all the States north of that line have united in the election of a man to the high office of President of the United States, whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery. He is to be entrusted with the administration of the common Government, because he has declared that that “Government cannot endure permanently half slave, half free,” and that the public mind must rest in the belief that slavery is in the course of ultimate extinction.

This sectional combination for the submersion of the Constitution, has been aided in some of the States by elevating to citizenship, persons who, by the supreme law of the land, are incapable of becoming citizens; and their votes have been used to inaugurate a new policy, hostile to the South, and destructive of its peace and safety.
We, therefore, the People of South Carolina, by our delegates in Convention assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, have solemnly declared that the Union heretofore existing between this State and the other States of North America, is dissolved, and that the State of South Carolina has resumed her position among the nations of the world, as a separate and independent State; with full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent States may of right do.

January 9, 1861 – Mississippi – vote 84 -15

Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery– the greatest material interest of the world. Its labor supplies the product which constitutes by far the largest and most important portions of commerce of the earth. These products are peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an imperious law of nature, none but the black race can bear exposure to the tropical sun. These products have become necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization. That blow has been long aimed at the institution, and was at the point of reaching its consummation. There was no choice left us but submission to the mandates of abolition, or a dissolution of the Union, whose principles had been subverted to work out our ruin.
From the heading of the Florida site is this:
Most serious students of the Civil War are familiar with the four state “declarations of causes” issued by the secession conventions of South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi and Texas. A fifth such document was prepared by the Florida secession convention but never formally published. It was recently discovered by Dr. Dwight Pitcaithley, former chief historian of the National Park Service and currently professor of history at New Mexico State University. Dr. Pitcaithley enlisted the aid of Dr. Boyd Murphree of the State Archives of Florida to authenticate the find.
January 10, 1861 – Florida – vote 62 – 7

Considered the “fifth document of “Declaration of Causes.” Is the title below. Only three paragraphs were chosen for this blog.
FLORIDA DECLARATION OF CAUSES
(undated and untitled)
State Archives of Florida, Series 577, Carton 1, Folder 6,
“Gov. Madison Starke Perry – Constitutional Convention 1861

Fear of violence from freed slaves was a major factor for Florida. History is cited but one paragraph is:
By the agency of a large proportion of the members from the non slaveholding States books have been published and circulated amongst us the direct tendency and avowed purpose of which is to excite insurrection and servile war with all their attendant horrors. A President has recently been elected, an obscure and illiterate man without experience in public affairs or any general reputation mainly if not exclusively on account of a settled and often proclaimed hostility to our institutions and a fixed purpose to abolish them. It is denied that it is the purpose of the party soon to enter into the possession of the powers of the Federal Government to abolish slavery by any direct legislative act. This has never been charged by any one. But it has been announced by all the leading men and presses of the party that the ultimate accomplishment of this result is its settled purpose and great central principle. That no more slave States shall be admitted into the confederacy and that the slaves from their rapid increase (the highest evidence of the humanity of their owners will become value less. Nothing is more certain than this and at no distant day. What must be the condition of the slaves themselves when their number becomes so large that their labor will be of no value to their owners. Their natural tendency every where shown where the race has existed to idleness vagrancy and crime increased by an inability to procure subsistence. Can any thing be more impudently false than the pretense that this state of things is to be brought about from considerations of humanity to the slaves.
Florida was also concerned about the unfair economics of the “northern section.
Additional territory is generally only acquired by conquest or purchase. In either case the slaveholding States contribute at least this equal proportion of men or money – we think much more than an equal proportion. The revenues of the General Government are almost entirely derived from duties on importations. It is time that the northern consumer pays his proportion of these duties, but the North as a section receiving back in the increased prices of the rival articles which it manufactures nearly or quite as much as the imposts which it pays thus in effect paying nothing or very little for the support of the government. As to the sacrifice of lives which recent acquisitions have caused how small is the proportion of Northern blood shed or laurels won in the Mexican war.

Below is near the end of the Florida document and expresses a point that Jefferson Davis wrote about in his post war book The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government. Many criticize his writing as making things up in the wake of the failure of the southern cause, but the Florida paragraph shows that it was a pre-war concern. That issue was the interpretation of the original US Constitution that the States are the People, and that the voters were not an aggregate of the US nation. It may have been an unfounded fear as to this day, the states retain the electors to national offices in the name of the representatives to the “electoral college.” There is NO popular vote in the aggregate for “National Offices.”
Last and not least it has been proclaimed that the election of a President is an authoritative approval of all the principles avowed by the person elected and by the party convention which nominated him. Although that election is made by little more than one third of the votes given. But however large the majority may have been to recognize such a principle is to announce a revolution in the government and to substitute an aggregate popular majority for the written constitution without which no single state would have voted its adoption not forming in truth a federal union but a consolidated despotism that worst of despotisms that of an unrestricted sectional and hostile majority, we do not intend to be misunderstood, we do not controvert the right of a majority to govern within the grant of powers in the Constitution.

January 11, 1861 – Alabama – vote 61 – 39
The Alabama Secession Convention passes an Ordinance of Secession, declaring Alabama a “Sovereign and Independent State.” By a vote of 61-39, Alabama becomes the fourth state to secede from the Union.
“It is true that the interests of the South may demand territorial expansion, for expansion seems to be the law and destiny and necessity of our institutions. To remain healthful and prosperous within and to make sure our development and power, it seems essential that we should grow without. Arizona and Mexico, Central America and Cuba all may yet be embraced within the limits of our Southern republic. A Gulf Confederacy may be established in the South which may well enjoy almost a monopoly in the production of cotton, rice, sugar, coffee, tobacco, and tropical fruits. The trade of all tropical America combined with that of the Cotton States would make our Confederacy the wealthiest, the most progressive, and the most influential power on the globe. Should the border States refuse to unite their destiny with ours, then we may be compelled to look for territorial strength and for political power to those rich and beautiful lands that lie upon our southwestern frontier. Their genial climate and productive soil, their rich agricultural and mineral resources, render them admirably adapted to the institution of slavery. Under the influence of that institution these tropical lands would soon add millions to the commercial wealth of our Republic and their magnificent ports would soon be filled with ships from every nation. Slave labor would there build up for the Southern Confederacy populous and wealthy States as it has built up for the late Union the States of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.”

– Delegate Lewis M. Stone

Alabama Ordinance of Secession
An Ordinance to dissolve the union between the State of Alabama and the other States united under the compact styled “The Constitution of the United States of America”

Whereas, the election of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin to the offices of president and vice-president of the United States of America, by a sectional party, avowedly hostile to the domestic institutions and to the peace and security of the people of the State of Alabama, preceded by many and dangerous infractions of the constitution of the United States by many of the States and people of the Northern section, is a political wrong of so insulting and manacing a character as to justify the people of the State of Alabama in the adoption of prompt and decided measures for their future peace and security, therefore:

Be it declared and ordained by the people of the State of Alabama, in Convention assembled, That the State of Alabama now withdraws, and is hereby withdrawn from the Union known as “the United States of America,” and henceforth ceases to be one of said United States, and is, and of right ought to be a Sovereign and Independent State.

Sec 2. Be it further declared and ordained by the people of the State of Alabama in Convention assembled, That all powers over the Territory of said State, and over the people thereof, heretofore delegated to the Government of the United States of America, be and they are hereby withdrawn from said Government, and are hereby resumed and vested in the people of the State of Alabama.

And as it is the desire and purpose of the people of Alabama to meet the slaveholding States of the South, who may approve such purpose, in order to frame a provisional as well as permanent Government upon the principles of the Constitution of the United States,

Be it resolved by the people of Alabama in Convention assembled, That the people of the States of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky and Missouri, be and are hereby invited to meet the people of the State of Alabama, by their Delegates, in Convention, on the 4th day of February, A.D., 1861, at the city of Montgomery, in the State of Alabama, for the purpose of consulting with each other as to the most effectual mode of securing concerted and harmonious action in whatever measures may be deemed most desirable for our common peace and security.

And be it further resolved, That the President of this Convention, be and is hereby instructed to transmit forthwith a copy of the foregoing Preamble, Ordinance, and Resolutions to the Governors of the several States named in said resolutions.

Done by the people of the State of Alabama, in Convention assembled, at Montgomery, on this the eleventh day of January, A.D. 1861.

January 19, 1861 – Georgia – vote 208 – 89
The people of Georgia having dissolved their political connection with the Government of the United States of America, present to their confederates and the world the causes which have led to the separation. For the last ten years we have had numerous and serious causes of complaint against our non-slave-holding confederate States with reference to the subject of African slavery. They have endeavored to weaken our security, to disturb our domestic peace and tranquility, and persistently refused to comply with their express constitutional obligations to us in reference to that property, and by the use of their power in the Federal Government have striven to deprive us of an equal enjoyment of the common Territories of the Republic. This hostile policy of our confederates has been pursued with every circumstance of aggravation which could arouse the passions and excite the hatred of our people, and has placed the two sections of the Union for many years past in the condition of virtual civil war.
January 26, 1861 – Louisiana – vote 114 – 17
It has been said that NO REASONS were given. It was also reported that it was a close vote, that many Louisianans did not want to secede.

AN ORDINANCE to dissolve the union between the State of Louisiana and other States united with her under the compact entitled “The Constitution of the United States of America.”
We, the people of the State of Louisiana, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, That the ordinance passed by us in convention on the November 22, in the year eighteen hundred and eleven, whereby the Constitution of the United States of America and the amendments of the said Constitution were adopted, and all laws and ordinances by which the State of Louisiana became a member of the Federal Union, be, and the same are hereby, repealed and abrogated; and that the union now subsisting between Louisiana and other States under the name of “The United States of America” is hereby dissolved.
We do further declare and ordain, That the State of Louisiana hereby resumes all rights and powers heretofore delegated to the Government of the United States of America; that her citizens are absolved from all allegiance to said Government; and that she is in full possession and exercise of all those rights of sovereignty which appertain to a free and independent State.
We do further declare and ordain, That all rights acquired and vested under the Constitution of the United States, or any act of Congress, or treaty, or under any law of this State, and not incompatible with this ordinance, shall remain in force and have the same effect as if this ordinance had not been passed.
Adopted in convention at Baton Rouge this January 26, 1861.[
WHY DID LOUISIANA SECEDE?
January 11, 2014 · by Al Mackey
Louisiana was another state that didn’t publish a Declaration of Causes. In addition, she didn’t make a statement in her Ordinance of Secession regarding why she was seceding. However, like other states she sent out secession commissioners. We have the speech of one of these commissioners, George Williamson, to the Texas Secession Convention.
[begin quote]To the Hon. O.M. Roberts, President of the Convention of the People of Texas.
Mr. President and Gentlemen of the people of Texas.
I have the honor to address you as the commissioner of the people of Louisiana, accredited to your honorable body. With this communication, by the favor of your presiding officer, will be laid before you my credentials, the ordinance of secession, a resolution in regard to the Mississippi river and the ordinance to provide for the appointment of delegates to a convention to form a Southern Confederacy. These ordinances and the resolution were adopted at their respective dates by the people of Louisiana in convention assembled, after serious debate and calm reflection.
Being desirous of obtaining the concurrence of the people of Texas in what she has done, Louisiana invites you to a candid consideration of her acts in resuming the powers delegated to the government of the late United States, and in providing for the formation of a confederacy of “The States which have seceded and may secede.” The archives of the Federal Government bear ample testimony to the loyalty of Louisiana to the American Union. Her conservatism has been proverbial in political circles. The character and pursuits of her people, her immense agricultural wealth, her large banking capital, her possession of the great commercial metropolis of the South, whose varied trade almost rivals that of the city of “ten thousand masts” present facts sufficient to make “assurance double sure” she did not take these grave steps for light or transient causes. She was impelled to this action to preserve her honor, her safety, her property and the free institutions so sacred to her people. She believed the federal agent had betrayed her trust, had become the facile instrument of a hostile people, and was usurping despotic powers. She considered that the present vacillating executive, on the 4th of March next, would be supplanted by a stalwart fanatic of the Northwest, whose energetic will, backed by the frenzied bigotry of unpatriotic masses, would cause him to establish the military despotism already inaugurated.
The people of Louisiana were unwilling to endanger their liberties and property by submission to the despotism of a single tyrant, or the canting tyranny of pharisaical majorities. Insulted by the denial of her constitutional equality by the non-slaveholding States, outraged by their contemptuous rejection of proffered compromises, and convinced that she was illustrating the capacity of her people for self-government by withdrawing from a union that had failed, without fault of hers, to accomplish its purposes, she declared herself a free and independent State on the 26th day of January last. History affords no example of a people who changed their government for more just or substantial reasons. Louisiana looks to the formation of a Southern confederacy to preserve the blessings of African slavery, and of the free institutions of the founders of the Federal Union, bequeathed to their posterity. As her neighbor and sister State, she desires the hearty co-operation of Texas in the formation of a Southern Confederacy. She congratulates herself on the recent disposition evinced by your body to meet this wish, by the election of delegates to the Montgomery convention. Louisiana and Texas have the same language, laws and institutions. Between the citizens of each exists the most cordial social and commercial intercourse. The Red river and the Sabine form common highways for the transportation of their produce to the markets of the world. Texas affords to the commerce of Louisiana a large portion of her products, and in exchange the banks of New Orleans furnish Texas with her only paper circulating medium. Louisiana supplies to Texas a market for her surplus wheat, grain and stock; both States have large areas of fertile, uncultivated lands, peculiarly adapted to slave labor; and they are both so deeply interested in African slavery that it may be said to be absolutely necessary to their existence, and is the keystone to the arch of their prosperity. Each of the States has an extended Gulf coast, and must look with equal solicitude to its protection now, and the acquisition of the entire control of the Gulf of Mexico in due time. No two States of this confederacy are so identified in interest, and whose destinies are so closely interwoven with each other. Nature, sympathy and unity of interest make them almost one. Recognizing these facts, but still confident in her own powers to maintain a separate existence, Louisiana regards with great concern the vote of the people of Texas on the ratification of the ordinance of secession, adopted by your honorable body on the 1st of the present month. She is confident a people who so nobly and gallantly achieved their liberties under such unparalleled difficulties will not falter in maintaining them now. The Mexican yoke could not have been more galling to “the army of heroes” of ’36 than the Black republican rule would be to the survivors and sons of that army at the present day.
The people of Louisiana would consider it a most fatal blow to African slavery, if Texas either did not secede or having seceded should not join her destinies to theirs in a Southern Confederacy. If she remains in the union the abolitionists would continue their work of incendiarism and murder. Emigrant aid societies would arm with Sharp’s rifles predatory bands to infest her northern borders. The Federal Government would mock at her calamity in accepting the recent bribes in the army bill and Pacific railroad bill, and with abolition treachery would leave her unprotected frontier to the murderous inroads of hostile savages. Experience justifies these expectations. A professedly friendly federal administration gave Texas no substantial protection against the Indians or abolitionists, and what must she look for from an administration avowedly inimical and supported by no vote within her borders. Promises won from the timid and faithless are poor hostages of good faith. As a separate republic, Louisiana remembers too well the whisperings of European diplomacy for the abolition of slavery in the times of annexation not to be apprehensive of bolder demonstrations from the same quarter and the North in this country. The people of the slaveholding States are bound together by the same necessity and determination to preserve African slavery. The isolation of any one of them from the others would make her a theatre for abolition emissaries from the North and from Europe. Her existence would be one of constant peril to herself and of imminent danger to other neighboring slave-holding communities. A decent respect for the opinions and interests of the Gulf States seems to indicate that Texas should co-operate with them. I am authorized to say to your honorable body that Louisiana does not expect any beneficial result from the peace conference now assembled at Washington. She is unwilling that her action should depend on the border States. Her interests are identical with Texas and the seceding States. With them she will at present co-operate, hoping and believing in his own good time God will awaken the people of the border States to the vanity of asking for, or depending upon, guarantees or compromises wrung from a people whose consciences are too sublimated to be bound by that sacred compact, the constitution of the late United States. That constitution the Southern States have never violated, and taking it as the basis of our new government we hope to form a slave-holding confederacy that will secure to us and our remotest posterity the great blessings its authors designed in the Federal Union. With the social balance wheel of slavery to regulate its machinery, we may fondly indulge the hope that our Southern government will be perpetual.
Geo. Williamson Commissioner of the State of Louisiana City of Austin Feby 11th 1861. [end quote]
So this official representative of Louisiana says the reason to secede is to protect and preserve slavery. He’s urging Texas to secede and join a confederacy whose purpose would be to protect and preserve slavery.
February 23, 1861 – Texas – vote – Public referendum to secede
In all the non-slave-holding States, in violation of that good faith and comity which should exist between entirely distinct nations, the people have formed themselves into a great sectional party, now strong enough in numbers to control the affairs of each of those States, based upon an unnatural feeling of hostility to these Southern States and their beneficent and patriarchal system of African slavery, proclaiming the debasing doctrine of equality of all men, irrespective of race or color– a doctrine at war with nature, in opposition to the experience of mankind, and in violation of the plainest revelations of Divine Law. They demand the abolition of negro slavery throughout the confederacy, the recognition of political equality between the white and negro races, and avow their determination to press on their crusade against us, so long as a negro slave remains in these States.
For years past this abolition organization has been actively sowing the seeds of discord through the Union, and has rendered the federal congress the arena for spreading firebrands and hatred between the slave-holding and non-slave-holding States.
By consolidating their strength, they have placed the slave-holding States in a hopeless minority in the federal congress, and rendered representation of no avail in protecting Southern rights against their exactions and encroachments.
They have proclaimed, and at the ballot box sustained, the revolutionary doctrine that there is a ‘higher law’ than the constitution and laws of our Federal Union, and virtually that they will disregard their oaths and trample upon our rights.
They have for years past encouraged and sustained lawless organizations to steal our slaves and prevent their recapture, and have repeatedly murdered Southern citizens while lawfully seeking their rendition.
They have invaded Southern soil and murdered unoffending citizens, and through the press their leading men and a fanatical pulpit have bestowed praise upon the actors and assassins in these crimes, while the governors of several of their States have refused to deliver parties implicated and indicted for participation in such offenses, upon the legal demands of the States aggrieved.
They have, through the mails and hired emissaries, sent seditious pamphlets and papers among us to stir up servile insurrection and bring blood and carnage to our firesides.
They have sent hired emissaries among us to burn our towns and distribute arms and poison to our slaves for the same purpose.
They have impoverished the slave-holding States by unequal and partial legislation, thereby enriching themselves by draining our substance.
They have refused to vote appropriations for protecting Texas against ruthless savages, for the sole reason that she is a slave-holding State.
And, finally, by the combined sectional vote of the seventeen non-slave-holding States, they have elected as president and vice-president of the whole confederacy two men whose chief claims to such high positions are their approval of these long continued wrongs, and their pledges to continue them to the final consummation of these schemes for the ruin of the slave-holding States.

April 17, 1961 – Virginia – vote 88 – 55 Public vote 23 May 97,000 – 32,000 in favor of secession
Virginia Ordinance of Secession
April 17, 1861
Virgina Secession Convention approves the wording of a referendum of secession and calls for a popular vote to approve it.

AN ORDINANCE to repeal the ratification of the Constitution of the United State of America by the State of Virginia, and to resume all the rights and powers granted under said Constitution.

The people of Virginia in their ratification of the Constitution of the United States of America, adopted by them in convention on the twenty-fifth day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, having declared that the powers granted under said Constitition were derived from the people of the United States and might be resumed whensoever the same should be perverted to their injury and oppression, and the Federal Government having perverted said powers not only to the injury of the people of Virginia, but to the oppression of the Southern slave-holding States:

Now, therefore, we, the people of Virginia, do declare and ordain, That the ordinance adopted by the people of this State in convention on the twenty-fifth day of June, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, whereby the Constitution of the United States of America was ratified, and all acts of the General Assembly of this State ratifying and adopting amendments to said Constitution, are hereby repealed and abrogated; that the union between the State of Virginia and the other States under the Constitution aforesaid is hereby dissolved, and that the State of Virginia is in the full possession and exercise of all the rights of sovereignty which belong and appertain to a free and independent State.

And they do further declare, That said Constitution of the United States of America is no longer binding on any of the citizens of this State.

This ordinance shall take effect and be an act of this day, when ratified by a majority of the voter of the people of this State cast at a poll to be taken thereon on the fourth Thursday in May next, in pursuance of a schedule hereafter to be enacted.

Adopted by the convention of Virginia April 17,1861.

May 6, 1861 – Arkansas – vote 69 – 1
Arkansas Ordinance of Secession
AN ORDINANCE to dissolve the union now existing between the State of Arkansas and the other States united with her under the compact entitled “The Constitution of the United States of America.”
Whereas, in addition to the well-founded causes of complaint set forth by this convention, in resolutions adopted on the 11th of March, A.D. 1861, against the sectional party now in power in Washington City, headed by Abraham Lincoln, he has, in the face of resolutions passed by this convention pledging the State of Arkansas to resist to the last extremity any attempt on the part of such power to coerce any State that had seceded from the old Union, proclaimed to the world that war should be waged against such States until they should be compelled to submit to their rule, and large forces to accomplish this have by this same power been called out, and are now being marshaled to carry out this inhuman design; and to longer submit to such rule, or remain in the old Union of the United States, would be disgraceful and ruinous to the State of Arkansas:

Therefore we, the people of the State of Arkansas, in convention assembled, do hereby declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, That the “ordinance and acceptance of compact” passed and approved by the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas on the 18th day of October, A.D. 1836, whereby it was by said General Assembly ordained that by virtue of the authority vested in said General Assembly by the provisions of the ordinance adopted by the convention of delegates assembled at Little Rock for the purpose of forming a constitution and system of government for said State, the propositions set forth in “An act supplementary to an act entitled `An act for the admission of the State of Arkansas into the Union, and to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States within the same, and for other purposes,'” were freely accepted, ratified, and irrevocably confirmed, articles of compact and union between the State of Arkansas and the United States, and all other laws and every other law and ordinance, whereby the State of Arkansas became a member of the Federal Union, be, and the same are hereby, in all respects and for every purpose herewith consistent, repealed, abrogated, and fully set aside; and the union now subsisting between the State of Arkansas and the other States, under the name of the United States of America, is hereby forever dissolved.

And we do further hereby declare and ordain, That the State of Arkansas hereby resumes to herself all rights and powers heretofore delegated to the Government of the United States of America; that her citizens are absolved from all allegiance to said Government of the United States, and that she is in full possession and exercise of all the rights and sovereignty which appertain to a free and independent State.

We do further ordain and declare, That all rights acquired and vested under the Constitution of the United States of America, or of any act or acts of Congress, or treaty, or under any law of this State, and not incompatible with this ordinance, shall remain in full force and effect, in nowise altered or impaired, and have the same effect as if this ordinance had not been passed.

Adopted and passed in open convention on the 6th day of May, A.D. 1861.
May 6, 1861 – Tennessee – vote 66 – 25 – June 8 public vote 104,913 – 47,238 in favor

Tennessee’s public referendum vote results are the only record published. As far as citations for Tennessee, Tennessee apparently didn’t publish one.

May 20, 1861 – North Carolina – vote [count ? exact count not found yet by me]
North Carolina Ordinance of Secession
Delegates to the North Carolina Secession Convention vote to withdraw from the Union.

AN ORDINANCE to dissolve the union between the State of North Carolina and the other States united with her, under the compact of government entitled “The Constitution of the United States.”

We, the people of the State of North Carolina in convention assembled, do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, That the ordinance adopted by the State of North Carolina in the convention of 1789, whereby the Constitution of the United States was ratified and adopted, and also all acts and parts of acts of the General Assembly ratifying and adopting amendments to the said Constitution, are hereby repealed, rescinded, and abrogated.

We do further declare and ordain, That the union now subsisting between the State of North Carolina and the other States, under the title of the United States of America, is hereby dissolved, and that the State of North Carolina is in full possession and exercise of all those rights of sovereignty which belong and appertain to a free and independent State.

Done in convention at the city of Raleigh, this the 20th day of May, in the year of our Lord 1861, and in the eighty-fifth year of the independence of said State

Sources
South Carolina:
http://history.furman.edu/benson/alpha/www/docs/decl-sc.htm
And : http://history.furman.edu/benson/alpha/www/docs/SCaddress.htm
Or http://alpha.furman.edu

Florida:
http://www.civilwarcauses.org/florida-dec.htm

Alabama:
1. https://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/alabama/alabama.html
2. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/ala1861.asp
3. https://civilwartalk.com/threads/alabama-ordinance-of-secession.94272/
4. http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/smithwr/smith.html
5. https://studycivilwar.wordpress.com/2014/01/09/why-did-alabama-secede/

Tennessee:
http://www.csawardept.com/documents/secession/TN/index.html

This Georgia site has Confederate Order of Secession links:
http://blueandgraytrail.com/event/Confederate_Order_of_Secession

Louisiana:

Louisiana’s Secession from the Union

Louisiana’s Secession from the Union

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_secession

Why Did Louisiana Secede?

Virginia
Site for early 1861 Virginia history timeline:
http://blueandgraytrail.com/event/Virginia_Secession_Convention

Virginia Ordinance of Secession:
http://blueandgraytrail.com/event/Virginia_Ordinance_of_Secession

Composite of Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas
http://sunsite.utk.edu/civil-war/reasons.html
http://sunsite.utk.edu/civil-war/reasons.html

http://blueandgraytrail.com/event/Confederate_Order_of_Secession

Thanks,
Hank (aka The Doc)
DELETE DOC
Amazon.com: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B076PBRRB1
Publisher: Black Opal Books (October 28, 2017)
ISBN-10: 162694783X
ISBN-13: 978-1626947832
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Books and Writing at: https://timothydesmond.wordpress.com

A friend was concerned about a history knowledge issue.
Robert Hile posted:
             Quote for the day: I have been on Facebook now for over 4 years. I’ve posted a number of things that should have make a large number of people think about their history and their past. I have explained to a number of people that I have the study and degrees in this that I am not some Johnny-come-lately to the History. I feel like I’m tooting my own horn so much that people may get the wrong idea about what I am doing here. The reasons I’ve been doing the quotes for the past week is to give information about the past to fight the fight about our heritage and about saving our Flag and statues under attack. If you can quote people that disarms them from their attacks and makes a difference. It shows education not stupid, it shows your more informed than they are and that just might slow things down and change thinking.
              But to my amazement most to the time, I get someone who wants their 5 mins. of fame and makes some stupid comment or something not really important to the subject. I welcome comments but they need to be on helping us, not on who your great aunt twice removed was when Sherman went to the bathroom in Charleston after the war. I swear that some have been that bad. And what they say is if they hadn’t heard what I said. It is amazing indeed.
Today’s quote is something I wrote over 40 years ago in a paper for a college class. Yes, it is my quote, and I am not really trying to blow my own horn, read it, and use it to disarm people who keep repeating their argument over and over. They are just trying to wear you down and you can tell them they aren’t listening to you so there is no peace. Here is the quote:
“We spend 12 years in public school trying to earn how to use a language, in our case, the English language. But it we took 5 minutes to teach people how to listen, then maybe, just maybe we would have peace in the world.”

My reply to him was …………….
To ROBERT HITE ON November 19, 2018

Robert Hile, Good post, and thank you. I think I’ve been on here, Facebook, over ten years. [I am not exactly sure].. Crazy thing is, even if we make some things PUBLIC, I am not sure it, one’s every post, gets to everyone intended. However, and to your point, yes, the ignorance and lack of history knowledge is appalling. But, I am not sure of , or if they did have that knowledge of facts, that it would make a difference. For example, take the global warming issue. Many people get told some of the hard facts about atmospheric data and not really increasing temperatures, [Dr. Roy Spencer of his dot.com and book “Climate Confusion.”]. He, Dr. Spencer, gets written off as a “crank.” Causes are arguable, yet if one is a “nay sayer” you are out of touch. So, here is the thing that is scary, to me, as our legislators are a part of it all. FACTS mean nothing to those people in control of the narrative. The reason is because they are only interested in TOTAL CONTROL. And that is fairly true on Facebook too. And scary too is that people are passing laws and legislation based on “lack of corporate history” or lack of knowledge, or the “truth does not matter.”

Best of all to you and keep going.

*    *     *

That’s it.  Now, the above seems harmless to the community to me, however my comment was not allowed. I find that interesting. Perhaps “the community” feels that my words were dangerous. Strange, but we are in a different media climate.
Tim

Timothy J. Desmond
Black Opal Books Author Page at: http://www.blackopalbooks.com/author-bios/bio-tim-desmond
Amazon author page at: http://www.amazon.com/-/e/B00694KQQO
Blog at: http://www.timdesmondblog.wordpress.com

Writing at: http://www.timothydesmond.wordpress.com
Art at: http://www.artbydesmond.wordpress.com

Amazon has discounted the paperback PRINT version price of the novel DELETE DOC from $15 to $4.08. Huge. I am not sure how long that will last. If you were thinking on getting it, now is the time. Plan to take it on your trip or to read at the beach.

Tim

Amazon.com: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B076PBRRB1

Product details
Paperback
Publisher: Black Opal Books (October 28, 2017)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 162694783X
ISBN-13: 978-1626947832
Product Dimensions: 5.2 x 0.8 x 8 inches

Tim
Timothy J. Desmond
Amazon author page at: http://www.amazon.com/-/e/B00694KQQO
Books and Writing at: https://timothydesmond.wordpress.com
Art at: http://artbydesmond.wordpress.com

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Around the fire one night, there was a pause as I puffed my clay pipe. Another reenactor broke the silence. “Ya know Hank, I was reading Ann Coulter’s book How To Talk To A Liberal.”
I poked the fire and looked up as he was addressing me. He continued, “In chapter 8, on page one hundred and seventy, is the one about the Confederate Battle flag. In the chapter is the sentence, “Slavery was legal under the Stars and Stripes for more than seventy years —.”
Another fellow spoke up and said, “I mentioned that in a posting someplace a couple years ago, and one reply was, yes, but, that was only indentured servants.”
There was laughter for a moment. The first man looked at the fire. “Still, it seems right to correct the impression that the northern states were squeaky clean, as that is what has been taught by the victors.”
Hank puffed on his pipe again, then spoke while keeping his gaze on the flames. “I guess it wouldn’t hurt to look up that information. But, it isn’t going to change the point of view of the haters or most other folks.”

“You got that right. Hank.”
Below is what Hank found, just punching around online.
US CENSUS Slave populations by state. The last recorded census year was 1860 as the 1870 census was five years after the 13th Amendment was passed.
Referred in Records as: Enslaved population, 1790–1860
For the sake of space and argument here, it is conceded that Southern State slave populations are assumed. They are recorded in the census records also.
So, below are Northern and Union States and territories AND non-seceding border states.

California –

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
Terr Terr  Terr  Terr  Terr  Terr.   0        0

Connecticut –

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
2764   951   310       97    25      17       0     0

Delaware –

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
8887 6153 4177 4509 3292 2605 2290 1798

Dist. of Columbia

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
Terr. 2072 3554 4520 4505 3320 3687 3185

Illinois –

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
Terr   107    168   917   747    331     0      0

Indiana –

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
Terr    28     237   190       3      3        0       0

Iowa –

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
Terr  Terr Terr  Terr  Terr    16      0        0

Kansas –

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860

Terr  Terr  Terr Terr  Terr  Terr  Terr    2

Kentucky –

1790       1800     1810      1820      1830       1840       1850       1860
12,430  40,343  80,561 126,712 165,213 182,258  210,981 225,483

Maine –

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
0       0        0       0       2        0        0       0

Maryland –

1790          1800        1810        1820      1830      1840      1850      1860
103,036 105,635 111,502   107,398 102,994   89,737   90,368   87,189

Massachusetts –

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
0        0        0       0       1       0        0       0

Michigan –

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
Terr.       0     24       0        1       0        0        0

Minnesota –

1790  1800  1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
Terr. Terr.  Terr. Terr. Terr. Terr.      0       0

Missouri –

1790      1800      1810      1820      1830      1840      1850      1860
Terr.      Terr.     2875   10,222   25,091   58,240   87,422 114,931

Nebraska –

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
Terr. Terr. Terr. Terr. Terr. Terr. Terr.  15

Nevada

1790     1800      1810       1820  1830 1840 1850 1860
Territory and non-state Terr.  Terr. Terr. Terr.    0

New Hampshire –

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
158        8       0        0       3        1        0       0

New Jersey –

1790      1800      1810      1820      1830      1840      1850      1860
11,423   12,422   10,851    7557     2254        674        236          18

New York

1790      1800      1810      1820      1830      1840      1850      1860
21,324   20,613   15,017   10,088     754             0            0           0

Ohio

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
Terr.       0        0       0       6        3        0       0

Oregon

1790      1800      1810     1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
Territory and non-state Terr. Terr. Terr.     0       0

Pennsylvania

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
3737 1706   795    211  403     64        0       0

Rhode Island

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
948    380   108     48     17       5        0       0

Utah Territory – Utah

1790      1800      1810     1820  1830  1840 1850 1860
Territory and non-state Terr. Terr. Terr.    26     29

Vermont

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
0        0       0        0       0        0       0       0

West Virginia

1790      1800      1810      1820      1830      1840      1850      1860
4668      7172    10,836   15,169  17,673   48,488   20,500   18,371

Wisconsin

1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860
Terr. Terr. Terr.       0     31     11       0        0

Totals Union and Union Territories for the years 1790, 1830, and 1860:
In 1790 = 169,375
In 1830 = 283,833
In 1860 = 446,038

Hank Houston, MD – The Doc and Delete DOC

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